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man page(1) manual page
Table of Contents
ls - list directory contents
ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).
Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options
too.
- -a, --all
-
do not ignore entries starting with .
- -A, --almost-all
-
do not list implied . and ..
- --author
-
with -l, print the author of each file
- -b, --escape
-
print octal escapes for nongraphic characters
- --block-size=SIZE
-
use SIZE-byte blocks
- -B, --ignore-backups
-
do not list implied entries ending with ~
- -c
- with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of
file status information) with -l: show ctime and sort by name
otherwise: sort by ctime
- -C
- list entries by columns
- --color[=WHEN]
-
control whether color is used to distinguish file types. WHEN
may be ‘never’, ‘always’, or ‘auto’
- -d, --directory
-
list directory entries instead of contents, and do not dereference
symbolic links
- -D, --dired
-
generate output designed for Emacs’ dired mode
- -f
- do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color
- -F, --classify
-
append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries
- --file-type
-
likewise, except do not append ‘*’
- --format=WORD
-
across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1,
verbose -l, vertical -C
- --full-time
-
like -l --time-style=full-iso
- -g
- like -l, but do not list owner
- --group-directories-first
-
group directories before files
- -G, --no-group
-
in a long listing, don’t print group names
- -h, --human-readable
-
with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)
- --si
- likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
- -H, --dereference-command-line
-
follow symbolic links listed on the command line
- --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
-
follow each command line symbolic link that points to a directory
- --hide=PATTERN
-
do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden
by -a or -A)
- --indicator-style=WORD
-
append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default),
slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F)
- -i, --inode
-
print the index number of each file
- -I, --ignore=PATTERN
-
do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
- -k
- like --block-size=1K
- -l
- use a long listing format
- -L, --dereference
-
when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information
for the file the link references rather than for the link
itself
- -m
- fill width with a comma separated list of entries
- -n, --numeric-uid-gid
-
like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs
- -N, --literal
-
print raw entry names (don’t treat e.g. control characters specially)
- -o
- like -l, but do not list group information
- -p, --indicator-style=slash
-
append / indicator to directories
- -q, --hide-control-chars
-
print ? instead of non graphic characters
- --show-control-chars
-
show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is
‘ls’ and output is a terminal)
- -Q, --quote-name
-
enclose entry names in double quotes
- --quoting-style=WORD
-
use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell,
shell-always, c, escape
- -r, --reverse
-
reverse order while sorting
- -R, --recursive
-
list subdirectories recursively
- -s, --size
-
print the size of each file, in blocks
- -S
- sort by file size
- --sort=WORD
-
sort by WORD instead of name: none -U, extension -X, size -S,
time -t, version -v
- --time=WORD
-
with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime
-u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c, or status -c; use specified
time as sort key if --sort=time
- --time-style=STYLE
-
with -l, show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso,
locale, +FORMAT. FORMAT is interpreted like ‘date’; if FORMAT
is FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files
and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with ‘posix-’,
STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale
- -t
- sort by modification time
- -T, --tabsize=COLS
-
assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8
- -u
- with -lt: sort by, and show, access time with -l: show access
time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time
- -U
- do not sort; list entries in directory order
- -v
- sort by version
- -w, --width=COLS
-
assume screen width instead of current value
- -x
- list entries by lines instead of by columns
- -X
- sort alphabetically by entry extension
- -1
- list one file per line
SELinux options:
- --lcontext
-
Display security context. Enable -l. Lines will probably be
too wide for most displays.
- -Z, --context
-
Display security context so it fits on most displays. Displays
only mode, user, group, security context and file name.
- --scontext
-
Display only security context and file name.
- --help display this help and exit
-
- --version
-
output version information and exit
SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following:
kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T,
P, E, Z, Y.
By default, color is not used to distinguish types of files. That is
equivalent to using --color=none. Using the --color option without the
optional WHEN argument is equivalent to using --color=always. With
--color=auto, color codes are output only if standard output is connected
to a terminal (tty). The environment variable LS_COLORS can
influence the colors, and can be set easily by the dircolors command.
Exit status is 0 if OK, 1 if minor problems, 2 if serious trouble.
Written by Richard Stallman and David MacKenzie.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils@gnu.org>.
Copyright © 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software. You may redistribute copies of it under the
terms of the GNU General Public License
<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>. There is NO WARRANTY, to the
extent permitted by law.
The full documentation for ls is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If
the info and ls programs are properly installed at your site, the command
info ls
should give you access to the complete manual.
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